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Gulf War Syndrome

http://www.answers.com/topic/gulf-war-syndrome

DEFINITION:

Gulf War syndrome describes a wide spectrum of illnesses and symptoms ranging from asthma to sexual dysfunction that have been reported by U.S. and U.S. allied soldiers who served in the Persian Gulf War in 1990–1991.

DESCRIPTION:

Between 1994 and 1999, 145 federally funded research studies on Gulf War-related illnesses were undertaken at a cost of over $133 million. Despite this investment and the data collected from over 100,000 veterans who have registered with the Department of Defense (DOD) and/or Veterans Administration (VA) as having Gulf War-related illnesses, there is still much debate over the origin and nature of Gulf War syndrome. As of early 2001, the DOD has failed to establish a definite cause for the disorder. Veterans who have the illness experience a wide range of debilitating symptoms that elude a single diagnosis. Common symptoms include fatigue, trouble breathing, headaches, disturbed sleep, memory loss, and lack of concentration. Similar experiences among Gulf War veterans have been reported in the United Kingdom and Canada.

CAUSES AND SYMPTOMS:

There is much current debate over a possible causative agent for Gulf War syndrome other than the stress of warfare. Intensive efforts by the Veterans Administration and other public and private institutions have investigated a wide range of potential factors. These include chemical and biological weapons, the immunizations and preventive treatments used to protect against them, smoke from oil well fires, exposure to depleted uranium, and diseases endemic to the Arabian peninsula. So far investigators have not approached a consensus. In its final report released in December 2000, the Presidential Special Oversight Board for Department of Defense Investigations of Gulf War Chemical and Biological Incidents cited combat stress as a possible causative factor, but called for further research. There is also a likelihood that U.S. and allied forces were exposed to low levels of sarin and/or cyclosarin (nerve gases) released during the destruction of Iraqi munitions at Kharnisiyah, Iraq, and that these chemicals might be linked to the syndrome. In July 1997, the VA informed approximately 100,000 U.S. servicemen of their possible exposure to the nerve agents.

In October 1999, the U.S. Pentagon released a report that hypothesized that an experimental drug known as pyriostigmine bromide (PB) might be linked to the physical symptoms manifested in Gulf War Syndrome. The experimental drug was given to U.S. and Canadian troops during the war to protect soldiers against the effects of the chemical nerve agent soman. It has also been suggested that botulinum toxoid and anthrax vaccinations administered to soldiers during the conflict may be responsible for some manifestations of the syndrome.

Some studies have shown that Gulf War veterans have a higher incidence of positive tests for Mycoplasma fermentans, a bacteria, in their bloodstream. However, other clinical studies have not found a link between the bacterial infection and Gulf War-related illnesses.

Statistical analysis tells us that the following symptoms are about twice as likely to appear in Gulf War veterans than in their non-combat peers: depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), chronic fatigue, cognitive dysfunction (diminished ability to calculate, order thoughts, evaluate, learn, and remember), bronchitis, asthma, fibromyalgia, alcohol abuse, anxiety, and sexual discomfort. PTSD is the modern equivalent of shell shock (World War I) and battle fatigue (World War II). It encompasses most of the psychological symptoms of war veterans, including nightmares, panic at sudden loud noises, and inability to adjust to peacetime living. Chronic fatigue syndrome has a specific medical definition that attempts to separate common fatigue from a more disabling illness in hope of finding a specific cause. Fibromyalgia is another newly defined syndrome, and as such it has arbitrarily rigid defining characteristics. These include a certain duration of illness, a specified minimum number of joint and muscle pain located in designated areas of the body, sleep disturbances, and other associated symptoms and signs.

Researchers have identified three distinct syndromes and several variations in Gulf War veterans. Type one patients suffer primarily from impaired thinking. Type two patients have a greater degree of confusion and ataxia (loss of coordination). Type three patients were the most affected by joint pains, muscle pains, and extremity paresthesias (unnatural sensations like burning or tingling in the arms and legs). In each of the three types, researchers found different but measurable impairments on objective testing of neurological function. The business of the nervous system is much more complex and subtle than other body functions. Measuring it requires equally complex effort. The tests used in this study carefully measured and compared localized nerve performance at several different tasks against the same values in normal subjects. Brain wave response to noise and touch, eye muscle response to spinning, and caloric testing (stimulation of the ear with warm and cold water, which causes vertigo) were clearly different between the normal and the test subjects. The researchers concluded that there was "a generalized injury to the nervous system." Another research group concluded their study by stating that there was "a spectrum of neurologic injury involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems."

— Paula Anne Ford-Martin

Diagnosis:

Until there is a clear definition of the disease, diagnosis is primarily an exercise in identifying those Gulf War veterans who have undefined illness in an effort to learn more about them and their symptoms. Both the Department of Defense and the Veterans Administration currently have programs devoted to this problem. Both the DOD's Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation Program and the VA's Persian Gulf Registry provide free, in-depth medical evaluations to Gulf War veterans and their families. In addition to providing individual veterans with critical medical care, these organizations use the cumulative data from these programs to advance research on Gulf War Syndrome itself.

— Paula Anne Ford-Martin

TREATMENT:

Specific treatment awaits specific diagnosis and identification of a causative agent. Meanwhile, veterans can benefit from the wide variety of supportive and non-specific approaches to this and similar problems. There are many drugs available for symptomatic relief. Psychological counseling by those specializing in this area can be immensely beneficial, even life-saving for those contemplating suicide. Veterans' benefits are available for those who are impaired by their symptoms.

— Paula Anne Ford-Martin

ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT:

The symptoms can be worked with using many modalities of alternative health care. The key to working successfully with people living their lives with Gulf War syndrome is long-term, ongoing care, whether it be hypnotherapy, acupuncture, homeopathy, nutrition, vitamin/mineral therapy, or bodywork.

Experimental treatment with antibiotics is advocated by some healthcare professionals who believe that Gulf War illness is related to a Mycoplasma fermentans bacterial infection. However, a conclusive link has not been clinically proven.

PROGNOSIS:

The outlook for Persian Gulf War veterans is unclear, but will hopefully improve as more information is gathered about the illness. Gradual return to a functioning life may take many years of work and much help. It is important to note that even in the absence of an identifiable and curable cause, recovery is possible.

— Paula Anne Ford-Martin

RESOURCES:

BOOKS

• Isselbacher, Kurt, et al., ed. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998, pp. 1955-1957.
• Wheelwright, Jeff. The Irritable Heart New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2001.

PERIODICALS

• Knoke, James D. and Gregory C. Gray. "Hospitalizations for Unexplained Illnesses among U.S. Veterans of the Persian Gulf War." Emerging Infectious Diseases. 4 (April/June 1998): 211-219.
• "Self-reported illness and health status among Gulf War veterans. A population-based study. The Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group." JAMA 277 (January 15, 1997): 238-245.

ORGANIZATIONS

• Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses. 5113 Leesburg Pike, Suite 901, Falls Church, VA, 22041. (703) 578-8518. <http://www.gulflink.osd.mil>.
• The American Legion. Gulf War Veteran Issues. <http://www.legion.org/gulftoc.htm>.
• U.S. Department of Defense. Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation Program (CCEP). (800)796-9699.
• Veterans Administration. Persian Gulf Medical Information Helpline. 400 South 18th Street, St. Louis, Missouri 63103-2271. (800)749-8387.
• Veterans Administration. Persian Gulf Registry. (800)PGW VETS (800-749-8387). <http://www.va.gov/.

OTHER

• Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses. Fourth Annual Report: Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses. Falls Church, VA: Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 2000. <http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/library/annual/4thannual_report_jan01.htm>.
• [Article by: Paula Anne Ford-Martin]

Gulf War Syndrome also  includes a probable link to ALS.

ALS Therapy Development Institute Delivers Impassioned Testimony to Congressional Subcommittee on Veterans Affairs

Physician/Scientist Describes a New Challenge Faced by Troops Coming Home from War

CAMBRIDGE, Mass – April 28, 2009 – Dr. Stanley Appel testified before the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Appropriations Subcommittee on behalf of ALS patients, and in support of the ALS Therapy Development Institute (ALS TDI), last Thursday.  Dr. Appel urged congress to support a comprehensive approach to ALS therapeutic development, such as the one at ALS TDI.

     Dr. Appel spoke on the still unknown reasons for the connection between service in the armed forces and a greater propensity for developing the disease.  He advised Subcommittee members to remember that, while there is excellent work being done to determine factors involved in the military correlation, without a comprehensive and well funded program to build therapeutics, there would be no opportunity to treat fallen heroes. 

Click Here for a Link to Read Dr. Appel's Full Testimony

     “I am here before this subcommittee - responsible for supporting our veterans - because [ALS] continues to take an inordinate toll on our nation’s veterans,” said Dr. Appel in his prepared testimony before the subcommittee.  Dr. Appel, co-director of the Methodist Neurological Institute, has been a physician/scientist for more than 20 years and is a Board Member of ALS TDI, as well as the Muscular Dystrophy Association. 

     As he began his testimony, Dr. Appel (pictured here before the committee) acknowledged the leadership of Congressman Michael Capuano, along with Congressmen Patrick Kennedy, Henry Brown and John Spratt in addressing the need to bring effective therapeutics to market for ALS patients.

     In discussing the VA’s now closed ALS Registry, Dr. Appel honored its’ list of servicemen; “While most of those heroes have passed away, the numbers imply that at least one out of fifteen ALS patients has a history of military service.  This is quite staggering.  These veterans, and all the patients I treat, are facing a horrifying illness; a battle with no armor,” continued Dr. Appel. “We have the responsibility to arm our service members in the final battle they are currently only to lose.  The thousands, who have recently returned from engagement, and those soon to come home, may in fact encounter a final new enemy in ALS.”

     Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig’s disease) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects approximately 30,000 people living in the United States at any given time. According to Dr. Appeal’s testimony, more than 2,000 veterans registered as suffering from ALS when the Department of Veterans Affair’s initiated its voluntary ALS Registry in 2003.

     The subcommittee, chaired by Congressman Chet Edwards, known as a national champion for America’s veterans, troops, and their families, is responsible for the appropriation of funds for a variety of military related accounts, including all funds administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs.  Under Edwards’ leadership, the subcommittee has increased appropriations for veteran’s benefits and health care by $16.3 billion since 2007.

     “ALS is not an incurable disease.  It is an underfunded disease.  The science is ready, the technology is ready, we clinicians are ready.” Dr. Stanley Appel’s complete testimony before the subcommittee is available online at www.als.net.

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Media Contact: Robert A. Goldstein, ALS TDI, 617-441-7295, rgoldstein@als.net

Click Here for a Link to Read Dr. Appel's Full Testimony